The electric vehicle (EV) is visioned as a crucial component in the future intelligent transportation systems(ITS). Compared with gasoline-powered vehicles, EVs have the potential benefits of a lower carbon emission, a lower powering cost and a higher power efficiency. With these promising benefits, however, EVs also introduce a high penetration into the power grid by shifting the energy load from gasoline to electricity. As EVs’ market share is increasing, the integration of EV into the future smart grid has drawn |